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In accounting systems, certain controls are needed to ensure that employees are doing
their jobs properly and ensure that the system runs properly. These checks are in the best
interest of the organization. These controls come in the form of internal and external
controls for the system. The internal controls are the checks that are placed in the
system my the company’s own management and directors. Today more and more companies
are moving from the manual accounting systems to computerized accounting information
systems. The advantages of a computerized system are increases in the speed and accuracy
of processing accounting information.
However, as systems become computerized, the internal controls for that system has to be
adapted accordingly. This is because computerized systems bring with them certain unique
problems that can only be removed or minimized by adapting the present controls and adding
new controls. These problems are
� In a manual system there is a paper trail for the internal auditor to follow. All
records and transactions are kept on paper and so an auditor has clear and documented
proof of what has transpired. Computerized systems rarely have a clear paper trail to
follow. Since computers do all of the sorting of the information the company rarely sorts
the source documents. Also the computer does most of the calculations and processing so
there would not be the amount of documentation that there would be in a manual system.
� Another problem of computer systems is the fact that there can be difficulty in
determining who entered the data. In a manual system the identity of the person entering
the data can be identified possibly by the person’s handwriting. This cannot be done
in a computerized system. This makes it very difficult to determine who is responsible for
errors or fraud.
� Since the computers do all calculations and processing errors can occur due to bad
design of the program. This can be difficult to detect especially if the error does not
occur frequently and only does so under particular conditions.
� Computer systems also offer new opportunities for fraud. If a computerized system is
not set up properly and certain checks not put in then the computer system can be used to
defraud the company. The fact that it is difficult to trace who enters the data only adds
to the magnitude of this.
In order to minimize the risks of errors or fraud occurring in the
computer system certain controls have to be put into place. These controls can be broken
up into three different categories. They are
1. Administrative Controls
2. Systems Development Controls
3. Procedural Controls
Administrative Controls
Administrative controls are those controls are those controls that are
placed on the system to ensure the proper organization and processing of data. These
administrative controls are
Division of duties.
Duties are assigned to different individuals in the organization. This
is done in such a way that no one person can have full control over a transaction. This
ensures that an individual cannot have full control over the creation and operating of the
system. One reason for this division is having one person controlling the system can
result in fraud if that person is not completely trustworthy. Another reason for the
division of duties is to prevent the organization from becoming totally dependent on the
person controlling the computer system. If this person were to leave then the organization
would have no one to run the system. The division of duties ensures that employees can
leave without having any major effect on the system.
Operation Controls
Operation controls are necessary controls since they since they
determine what the computer systems and the employees using the system have been doing.
These controls can come in the form of
� rotation of shifts
� duty logs
� a manual of operating instructions
� attendance controls
� computer logs
These controls can allow an auditor to track the exact actions of the
computer systems and employees. This documentation allows the to easily spot any errors or
improper actions that have occurred.
Files Controls
These controls are put in place to minimize the number of errors and
omission that occur in the file system. Good file controls are
� Availability of a skilled technician
� Proper procedures for issuing and returning files
� proper labeling and indexing of files
� protection of storage media from dust, humidity, fire etc.
� Procedures for returning files for certain minimum periods
� Facilities for recovering files that have been damaged or corrupted.
� Facilities for creating backup copies of files.
The placement of these controls have very serious implications. These controls that
information that is vital to the organization is safe. The data in these files must be
protected from errors or tampering whether intentional or accidental.
Hardware Security
The computer hardware is not only important to the processing of the
information but is also a valuable fixed asset for the company. Therefore controls for the
protection of the hardware must be put into place. Computer hardware must be placed in a
secure area where the access to it is limited only to those who need to use it. Certain
levels of security must me maintained e.g. only the systems administrator can have access
to the CPU and storage systems. The computer system must also be placed in a control
environment to protect it from environmental hazards e.g. dust and humidity. Arrangements
should be made to protect the computer against fires and power fluctuations. There should
also be some controls in place to recover the system in case the hardware fails. These
controls would ensure that the breakdown of the hardware would not have a serious effect
on the company.
Systems Development controls
These are the controls that are put over the design and implementation
of the system. These controls ensure that the system is developed with a minimum number of
errors.
Standardization
One important control is standardization. These consist of various
standards that are laid down by management for the design and development of the system.
These standards include the complete documentation of the development of the system. These
standards would not only benefit in the correcting of problems and updating of the system,
the documentation would allow the auditor to get a better idea of how the system works.
This would help the auditor in spotting possible problems in the system.
Involvement of Management
The involvement of the organizations management in the development of
the system is an important control. With these controls, management must have
documentation such as feasibility studies, budgets and performance evaluations. These
documents would allow management to decide if the system being developed would be viable
and cost effective. Without such controls, expensive projects can be started and never
finished, costing the organization a great deal in time and money. These managerial
controls force the development team to do a thorough job since they are accountable to
management..
Testing
Testing and trials are important controls and require that systems are
thoroughly tested before they become operational. The extensive testing of programs will
minimize or even eliminate the errors in the computer system. The tests will show exactly
what type of problems occur in the system in the processing of certain data and would also
indicate any problems in the response time of the systems. Also, the benchmarks that are
calculated in testing can be compared with benchmarks taken later on to see if the program
has been tampered with.
Training
The training of the data processing staff is a very important control.
Proper training of staff would reduce the number of errors that would occur in the system
due to inadequate knowledge of the system. The trained staff would be less likely to make
mistakes.
Concurrent Running of old and new systems.
Running the old and new systems concurrently is also an important
control. This control would allow the organization to compare the results of the two
systems when they do different tasks. These results would allow them to find any problems
in the new system by validating the results of the new system with the results of the old
one
Procedural Controls.
Procedural controls are one of the most important set of controls as
they are the ones that are placed on the day to day running of the system. Procedural
controls are particularly effective in detecting whether a system has been tampered with
and so are effective in detecting fraud. Procedural controls are divided into those
controls placed on input, output, processing and storage.
Input Controls
These are procedural controls that are placed on the input of data into
the system. These controls are
� Serial numbering of documents
� Validation checks on documents
� Batching documents and checking of batch totals
� authorization procedures
These controls are carried out by the user department. The Data processing depart also
then gets the data and put carry out their own controls. These are
� Vetting of batches to ensure that they are correct
� checks on data conversion methods
These checks are made so that the data that is entered is as accurate and as error free as
possible.
Processing Controls
Once that data has been entered into the system and is being processed, the processing
controls are used to ensure that the data is processed properly. Processing controls are
divided into two categories. These are
1. Validation tests
2. File checks
The validation checks are made on the data when it is being processed. These checks ensure
that the data is processed correctly. Validation checks include
� Check digit verification
� Checks in the size of file and records
� check on mode of the file
� Check on consistency of fields in files
� Range tests on numbers and values
� Hash totals
� Control record checks
� Sequence checks to ensure that records are entered in the right order
� Error logs which contain a record of all errors that have occurred during the
processing of the data.
� Transaction logs which contain a record of each transaction that has been made. This
provides an audit trail for the auditor. The transaction log would contain where a
particular transaction originated and who initiated it.
File checks are the controls to ensure that the integrity of the files that hold the data
for the organization remain intact during processing. Some file checks are
� Use of header tables to identify files
� Use of trailer labels to ensure that the record is completely read.
� Arithmetic proof of the validation of certain fields by checking them with other fields
in the record
Output controls
The outputting of processed data also has certain controls. These
output controls are used to ensure the completeness, accuracy and timeliness of the output
on screen, printed form as well as on storage media. Some output control procedures are
� Initial screening of the output to detect obvious errors
� Output should only be distributed by authorized persons to authorized persons.
� Controls totals on the output should be checked against the control totals of the input
to ensure the consistency of data.
� All the documents produced should be numbered and accounted for
� Highly sensitive materials should not be seen by the general data processing staff but
should be outputted to a secure location.
� A feedback system must be developed between the users and the data processing
department so that any errors that occur would be reported and subsequently corrected.
Storage Controls
When data is stored additional controls must be put into place to
ensure that the data is stored properly and that the data is to tampered with in any way.
These controls ensure that no unauthorized persons would be able to tamper with or destroy
the data whether it be intentionally or deliberately. Some of these controls are
� Authorization controls to ensure that only authorized personnel is allowed to make
amendments and deletions to the files.
� Controls to ensure that amendments and deletions are to be thoroughly documented so
that the person who made the amendments can be made accountable for the changes they made.
� Controls to ensure that there are proper facilities for the backup of files. These
include ensuring that files are backed up regularly, multiple backup files are kept and
that these files are kept at a secure location and are easily retrievable in case of an
emergency.
� Controls that would ensure that the data can be recovered in case of disaster. This
includes transaction logs of complete system dumps which will make periodic backups of all
the transactions that occur within the system.
Computerized accounting systems bring with then a set of new and unique problems. The
internal controls that have been put into place for a manual system to help the internal
auditor cannot fully prevent or minimize the possibility of errors or fraud that come with
the computerized systems. Therefore the old controls must be modified for the new system
and new controls must be put in. Only then can the internal auditor ensure that the number
of errors that occur within the system be minimized or even eliminated..
Bibliography
Basset P.H. (1993) Computerised accounts, 3rd Edition, Manchester : NCC Blackwell.
1-85554-205-6.
Grudinsku G., Burch J., (1989), Information Systems Theory and Practice, 5th Edition, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc. 0-471-61293-6.
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